Pioneering Healthy Aging
At Arc-1, we believe that healthy aging is not just a futuristic ideal but an accessible reality for everyone. We are dedicated to empowering individuals with proactive solutions to extend their healthspan—the number of years spent free of disease and pain—enabling them to stay healthy and live healthier, and more vibrant lives. Our approach combines cutting-edge science with a compassionate understanding of each individual's unique health journey, ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to age gracefully and energetically.
Our Vision
Our vision is to help people embrace healthy aging and longevity by proactively addressing age-related health problems that can lead to chronic disease. We strive to inspire and educate our community, providing tools and guidance needed to explore health and aging innovatively and confidently. We imagine a world where people are not defined by their age but rather by their vitality, where growing older is celebrated as a time of continued growth, exploration, and fulfillment. Our vision includes transforming societal attitudes towards aging, shifting from a mindset of inevitable decline to one of possibility and opportunity.
Our Mission
Arc-1’s mission is to provide personalized, innovative health solutions tailored to the unique needs of each client. Our experienced medical practitioners are dedicated to empowering clients to achieve their health and longevity goals, guiding them on their journey toward healthier aging with expert guidance and positive reassurance. We aim to be leaders in the field of healthy aging by continually researching and integrating the latest advancements in medicine and technology. Our mission extends beyond individual health; we seek to foster a broader understanding of longevity practices, contributing to healthier communities and ultimately a healthier world.
Our Philosophy
Aging is inevitable, but it doesn't have to be daunting. From weight gain and decreased energy to chronic illnesses, the aging process presents challenges that can be proactively managed. Arc-1 seeks to empower individuals to combat these age-related issues and maintain their vitality through preventative pharmaceutical and nutraceutical treatments. Our products are not mere band-aids for past choices but blueprints for aging well. We believe that everyone deserves access to the best healthcare practices, tailored to their needs, and focused on prevention rather than reaction.
Who We Are
Founded by Dr. Todd Stearns, Arc-1 was born from a desire to revolutionize long-term health by focusing on the prevention of age-related conditions. Dr. Stearns, a visionary with a background in medical practice and pharmaceutical sales and a passion for healthy living, recognized the need for a shift from symptom management to proactive health solutions.
"At Arc-1, we envision a world where individuals spend less time in doctors' offices and more time enjoying life with loved ones." ~ Dr. Todd Stearns
Our Impact
We are committed to enhancing our clients' healthspan, filling their years with vitality and joy. Whether it's teaching a grandchild to surf, maintaining spontaneity with a partner, or being there for the birth of a great-grandchild, our solutions enable clients to live their longest, healthiest lives. By providing convenient access to groundbreaking healthy aging solutions, we show that aging doesn't necessarily mean slowing down. Our impact is measured not in years added to life but also in life added to years. We take pride in the stories of our clients who, through our guidance and support, have achieved milestones they once thought were out of reach.
Our Clients
Arc-1 is dedicated to serving men and women who wish to proactively treat age-related concerns. The majority of our clients are men and women, who are looking to extend their healthspan and enjoy a better quality of life with their loved ones for years to come. We understand the challenges that come with juggling careers, family, and personal health, and we are here to provide the resources and support needed to make healthy aging a reality. Our clients are at the heart of everything we do, and their success stories inspire us to continuously improve and innovate.
Join Us on This Journey
We invite you to join us on this exciting journey toward a healthier, more fulfilling life. Together, we can redefine what it means to age well, ensuring that your later years are filled with vitality and joy. Let us be your trusted companion in achieving your longest, healthiest life. We believe that with the right knowledge and support, everyone can unlock the secrets to healthy aging and live life to its fullest potential. Join us as we pave the way for a future where age is just a number, and the best years of your life are yet to come.
Recent Blog Posts
Researching the Role of Rapamycin in Longevity
Exploring the Role of Rapamycin in Longevity As we get older, many of us start to notice changes in our bodies and health. While aging is natural, scientists are exploring ways to help us maintain our health for longer periods. One promising area of research (Effect of Rapamycin on Aging and Age-related Diseases - Past and Future), involves Rapamycin, a drug that could play a role in slowing down the aging process and preventing age-related diseases. Rapamycin has been used for years to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients. But now, researchers are studying how it might help extend what’s called "healthspan"—the time we live without major health problems. In this article, we’ll explore how Rapamycin works, what the science says, and whether it might be part of the future of healthy aging. What is Rapamycin? Rapamycin is a drug that was originally discovered in soil bacteria on Easter Island. It was first developed to suppress the immune system in people who had organ transplants. By reducing immune activity, Rapamycin helps prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs. What makes Rapamycin interesting for aging is how it works at the cellular level. It targets something called the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway. The mTOR pathway controls how our cells grow and process energy. When the mTOR pathway is too active, it can speed up cellular aging and increase the risk of diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular problems. By inhibiting the mTOR pathway, Rapamycin might slow down these harmful processes, allowing our cells to function better for longer periods. In short, it helps reduce the wear and tear on our cells that can lead to aging and age-related diseases. How Does Rapamycin Work? Understanding the mTOR Pathway To understand Rapamycin’s potential for promoting longevity, it's important to understand the mTOR pathway. This pathway acts like a central regulator in our cells, controlling how cells use nutrients, grow, and respond to stress. When this pathway is overactive, cells can age more quickly. The mTOR pathway influences processes such as: Cell Growth: The pathway promotes the growth and replication of cells, but over time, excessive cell growth can lead to harmful mutations and other problems. Metabolism: It affects how cells process and store energy. Overactivity here is associated with problems like insulin resistance and obesity. Stress Response: When cells experience stress from things like UV light, pollution, or toxins, the mTOR pathway helps them recover. However, too much stress response can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Rapamycin’s ability to inhibit the mTOR pathway means it can slow down some of these processes, helping cells remain healthier for longer. This could delay the onset of age-related conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, making it a potential game-changer in the world of longevity research. Benefits of Rapamycin for Age-related Health Issues The potential benefits of Rapamycin for age-related health conditions are far-reaching. By targeting the mTOR pathway, Rapamycin may reduce the cellular stress and inflammation that are linked to many health problems associated with aging. Here are some of the ways Rapamycin could be beneficial: Cognitive Decline: As we age, our brains are susceptible to inflammation, which can lead to conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Some research suggests that Rapamycin might reduce brain inflammation, helping to protect cognitive function. Cardiovascular Health: Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and inflammation plays a key role in its development. By reducing inflammation, Rapamycin may help preserve the health of blood vessels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Immune System Regulation: As we age, our immune system can become either overactive, leading to autoimmune diseases, or underactive, making us more susceptible to infections. Rapamycin helps regulate immune responses, potentially reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases while maintaining the body’s defense mechanisms. Cancer Prevention: Certain studies suggest that Rapamycin might reduce the risk of cancer by slowing down the uncontrolled growth of cells. Since the mTOR pathway is involved in cell replication, inhibiting this pathway might reduce the likelihood of mutations and tumor growth. Cyclic Dosing: A Strategy for Longevity One important consideration when using Rapamycin for longevity is how to take it. Unlike medications that are taken every day, Rapamycin may be most effective when used in cycles. This approach is known as cyclic dosing. With cyclic dosing, you would take Rapamycin for a set period—say, one week—followed by a break. This pattern helps to balance the benefits of the drug with the potential side effects. Continuous use of Rapamycin can weaken the immune system, which is why periodic breaks are important. The idea behind cyclic dosing is that it allows the drug to inhibit the mTOR pathway enough to slow aging, but not so much that it causes serious side effects, like infections. Ongoing research is helping to determine the most effective dosing schedules for Rapamycin, and early results suggest this could be a safe and effective way to promote healthy aging. Is Rapamycin Safe? As with any drug, there are risks and potential side effects associated with Rapamycin. Some of the more common side effects include: Digestive Issues: Upset stomach, nausea, and diarrhea are among the side effects that some people experience. Mouth Sores and Headaches: Some users report sores in the mouth or headaches while taking Rapamycin. Immune System Suppression: Since Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug, it can weaken your body’s ability to fight infections. This is why cyclic dosing, where the body is given time to recover, is important for minimizing risk. In studies where Rapamycin was used for longevity purposes, the cyclic dosing strategy appears to reduce the risk of severe side effects. However, as with any emerging treatment, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before considering its use. Current Research and Clinical Trials Research into Rapamycin is ongoing, with scientists working to better understand how it can be used for healthy aging. Several clinical trials are currently investigating the safety and effectiveness of Rapamycin for longevity, and the results so far are encouraging. Here are a few key areas of focus in ongoing studies: Optimal Dosing: Researchers are trying to determine the ideal dose of Rapamycin for longevity. The goal is to find a balance between providing enough of the drug to slow aging without causing significant side effects. Impact on Immune Health: Cyclic dosing is being studied as a way to maintain immune health while still gaining the anti-aging benefits of Rapamycin. Early results suggest this method could be effective, but more research is needed. Effect on Age-related Diseases: Rapamycin is being tested for its potential to prevent or slow the progression of several age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, and certain cancers. The findings from these studies will help determine whether Rapamycin can be widely used as an anti-aging treatment. If the results are positive, we may see the development of new guidelines for its use in promoting healthy aging. Why Should You Consider Rapamycin? For those looking to take proactive steps in managing the effects of aging, Rapamycin represents an exciting possibility. By targeting fundamental processes that drive aging, Rapamycin could help keep you healthier and more active as you age. While Rapamycin isn’t a magic bullet, the science behind it is promising. If you’re interested in exploring Rapamycin as part of your health strategy, it’s important to discuss this option with a healthcare provider who understands the drug’s potential and can help tailor a plan to your needs. Final Thoughts The potential for Rapamycin to improve longevity and help prevent age-related diseases is an exciting development in health science. By targeting the mTOR pathway, Rapamycin may help slow down the aging process and extend the years we live free from serious health problems. As researchers continue to explore the best ways to use Rapamycin, including cyclic dosing strategies, it could become a key player in the future of proactive aging solutions. For now, ongoing research will guide the path forward, but the prospects of Rapamycin in the field of longevity are promising. FAQ: Rapamycin and Its Potential Role in Extending Healthspan What is Rapamycin, and How Does it Support Longevity? Rapamycin, originally approved by the FDA for preventing organ rejection, is now being studied for its anti-aging properties. It inhibits the mTOR pathway, which regulates cell growth and metabolism. By slowing this pathway, Rapamycin could reduce cellular damage and inflammation, potentially extending life span and improving overall health. How Does Rapamycin Affect the Immune System? Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor, which suppresses the immune system. While this helps prevent organ rejection, it can also increase the risk of infections. Researchers are studying cyclic dosing to balance the drug's benefits with immune health, especially in older adults. What Are the Side Effects of Rapamycin? Common side effects include digestive issues, mouth sores, headaches, and immune suppression. Higher doses may increase these risks, making it essential to find the right balance through clinical trials. Can Rapamycin Improve Cardiovascular Health? There is evidence that Rapamycin may help reduce cardiovascular disease risk by decreasing inflammation in blood vessels. This could help improve heart health and contribute to an increased life span. Does Rapamycin Affect Muscle Mass? Since the mTOR pathway is also involved in muscle growth, inhibiting it with Rapamycin could potentially reduce muscle mass. The effects depend on dosage, and more research is needed to fully understand this. Can Rapamycin Prevent Age-related Diseases? Rapamycin is being studied for its potential to prevent age-related diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cognitive decline. By reducing inflammation and cellular stress, it may lower the risk of these conditions, helping individuals stay healthier as they age. Is Rapamycin Safe for Older Adults? While older adults could benefit from Rapamycin's anti-aging properties, the drug’s impact on the immune system means cyclic dosing may be the safest approach. Ongoing research will help determine the best doses of Rapamycin for this population. What Can We Expect from Ongoing Clinical Trials? Ongoing clinical trials are focused on finding the optimal doses of Rapamycin, minimizing side effects, and exploring its effects on aging and age-related diseases. The results will guide potential FDA approval for its use in longevity. References: Selvarani R, Mohammed S, Richardson A. Effect of rapamycin on aging and age-related diseases-past and future. Geroscience. 2021 Jun;43(3):1135-1158. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00274-1. Epub 2020 Oct 10. PMID: 33037985; PMCID: PMC8190242.
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Weight Loss Supplements: Discovering Effective Alternatives
When you’re trying to lose weight, the options can feel overwhelming. So many weight loss supplements promise big results but rarely deliver on those promises. Arc-1 takes a different approach. Instead of quick-fix supplements, we offer science-backed solutions that help with weight management over the long term. Why Weight Loss Supplements Often Fail The weight loss industry is flooded with pills, powders, and supplements that claim to shed pounds fast. But there are serious issues with these products: Lack of Proof: Most weight loss supplements have little or no scientific proof behind them. They might make big claims, but without solid studies, it’s hard to trust these results. Temporary Fix: Many supplements only work for a short time, if at all. They don’t address the root causes of weight gain, so the weight often comes back. Risk of Side Effects: Some weight loss pills contain ingredients that can cause jitters, nausea, or even more serious health issues. One-Size-Fits-All: Supplements are usually made for anyone to use, which means they don’t consider personal factors like health history, lifestyle, or weight loss goals. Arc-1 offers a safe, medically-supervised alternative that goes beyond these limitations. Our weight loss solutions use GLP-1 treatments—an approach based on real science and personalized care. What Are GLP-1 Weight Loss Injections? Arc-1’s weight loss options include two medications: semaglutide and tirzepatide. These treatments are different from typical supplements. They belong to a group of drugs known as GLP-1 agonists, which work by controlling blood sugar and hunger. How Do GLP-1 Injections Work? They Control Blood Sugar: GLP-1 medications help regulate blood sugar, which lowers cravings and improves energy balance. They Suppress Appetite: These drugs slow down digestion, making you feel fuller for longer. This process helps reduce calorie intake without using stimulants. They Support Lasting Weight Management: Unlike supplements that lead to short-term weight loss, GLP-1 injections encourage slow, steady progress that lasts. Why Arc-1’s GLP-1 Treatments Work Better Than Supplements Here are some key advantages of Arc-1’s approach: Backed by Science: Clinical studies show that GLP-1 drugs like semaglutide and tirzepatide are effective for weight loss. Medically Supervised: GLP-1 treatments are prescribed and monitored by healthcare providers, ensuring safe and personalized care. Health Benefits: Weight loss achieved with GLP-1 medications can reduce the risk of health issues linked to obesity, such as heart disease and diabetes. GLP-1 vs. Supplements: A Quick Comparison Aspect Arc-1’s GLP-1 Injections Typical Weight Loss Supplements Effectiveness Proven in clinical studies Little to no scientific evidence Supervision Prescribed by healthcare professionals Self-administered, no medical oversight Safety Generally safe when used under guidance May include stimulants or unknown ingredients Personalization Tailored to individual needs Usually one-size-fits-all Long-Term Results Supports lasting, steady weight loss Often leads to temporary results Arc-1’s Approach: A Personalized Weight Loss Plan Arc-1 is focused on providing clients with the right tools and support for long-term success. Here’s what makes our approach different: Personalized Consultation: We start with a consultation to understand your health, goals, and needs. This helps us create a weight loss plan that’s unique to you. Customized Treatment: After learning more about you, we prescribe the best GLP-1 treatment for your goals. We provide guidance on dosage, timing, and how to get the most from your treatment. Ongoing Support: Our healthcare providers check in regularly, making adjustments to ensure your comfort and results. Success You Can Maintain: With Arc-1, success is not just about pounds lost; it’s about creating a healthier lifestyle.  Ready to Move Beyond Supplements? Start Your Arc-1 Journey Today If you’re done with quick-fix supplements and ready for a better option, Arc-1’s GLP-1 treatments can help you achieve your goals safely. Our approach emphasizes proven methods, medical support, and a plan that’s built around you. Take the first step by scheduling a consultation with Arc-1, and let’s create a weight management plan that works for you now—and for years to come. Frequently Asked Questions About Weight Loss How do GLP-1 treatments help people lose weight compared to traditional weight loss products? GLP-1 medications help people lose weight by targeting specific pathways in the body that control hunger and blood sugar. Unlike over-the-counter weight loss products or supplements that may work temporarily or contain untested ingredients, GLP-1 treatments are regulated and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Studies have shown that GLP-1 drugs, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, support long-term weight loss by helping reduce body fat and controlling energy levels. What are the possible side effects of GLP-1 treatments? Some common side effects of GLP-1 treatments may include mild nausea or digestive discomfort as your body adjusts to the medication. Arc-1’s healthcare providers closely monitor for any side effects and make dosage adjustments if necessary to ensure comfort and safety. This supervision contrasts with many over-the-counter weight loss supplements, which lack personalized medical support and FDA oversight. Can GLP-1 medications benefit people with specific medical conditions like type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure? Yes, GLP-1 treatments can be particularly beneficial for individuals with medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure. These medications help regulate blood sugar levels and can support heart health by controlling body mass index (BMI) and reducing excess weight. Arc-1 healthcare providers assess your medical history to ensure that GLP-1 treatments align with your specific health needs, promoting safe weight loss without risking increased heart rate or other health complications. How do GLP-1 treatments compare to diet and exercise alone? Diet and exercise are crucial for any weight loss journey, and GLP-1 treatments can complement these efforts. GLP-1 drugs are not a substitute for a healthy diet or active lifestyle but act as an additional support tool. They work by suppressing appetite and helping you feel fuller, which makes it easier to stick to a lower-calorie diet and achieve sustainable, long-term weight loss. Unlike many supplements for weight loss that claim to boost metabolism or burn fat, GLP-1 treatments are FDA-approved and medically supervised, ensuring a balanced approach. Do I still need a healthy diet if I’m using GLP-1 treatments? Yes, a healthy diet remains essential for success with GLP-1 treatments. While these medications help control hunger and cravings, a nutritious diet is necessary to provide your body with the fuel it needs to stay active and healthy. Incorporating balanced meals with whole foods and avoiding processed snacks will enhance the benefits of GLP-1 treatment, leading to better energy levels and consistent progress in reducing body fat. Can GLP-1 treatments be combined with over-the-counter weight loss supplements? It’s generally not recommended to combine GLP-1 treatments with over-the-counter weight loss supplements or other medications unless advised by a healthcare provider. Many loss supplements include stimulants or laxatives, which may interfere with GLP-1 treatment effects and increase risks, such as changes in heart rate or digestive issues. Arc-1’s approach ensures that each client receives a personalized, safe plan for weight loss without the need for risky combinations of counter medications. Will GLP-1 treatments increase my heart rate or blood pressure? Unlike some weight loss products that rely on stimulants, GLP-1 treatments do not directly increase heart rate or blood pressure. They work by controlling hunger and balancing blood sugar. However, Arc-1’s healthcare providers monitor for any potential side effects to ensure these treatments are safe, particularly for individuals with high blood pressure or other cardiovascular concerns. How does GLP-1 treatment impact body mass index (BMI) and body fat? GLP-1 medications help reduce BMI by lowering body fat through appetite control and improved blood sugar regulation. By assisting with calorie intake and balancing blood glucose, GLP-1 treatments promote a steady, safe decrease in body fat that supports overall health and well-being. Are GLP-1 treatments FDA-approved? Yes, both semaglutide and tirzepatide—GLP-1 medications offered by Arc-1—are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are prescribed and monitored by healthcare professionals, ensuring safety and effectiveness compared to typical weight loss supplements or counter medications that may lack FDA regulation. Is Arc-1’s GLP-1 treatment a short-term solution or suitable for long-term weight loss? Arc-1’s GLP-1 treatments are designed to support long-term weight loss. Unlike temporary solutions, such as certain weight loss supplements that may only provide short-term effects, GLP-1 treatments focus on steady, sustainable weight loss by targeting underlying biological factors. With proper diet, exercise, and ongoing medical support, these treatments can help achieve and maintain a healthy weight over the long term.
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Vitamin B12 Injection Benefits for Health and Aging
In the world of healthy aging, few nutrients play as pivotal a role as Vitamin B12. Essential for energy, cellular health, and neurological function, Vitamin B12 is often overlooked until deficiencies begin to impact our day-to-day lives. Research has highlighted the critical role B12 plays not just in basic body functions, but in protecting our cognitive health, energy levels, and even our resilience against age-related decline. Here’s how Vitamin B12 supports your body and how you can ensure you’re getting enough as you age. What Vitamin B12 Does for Your Body Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is vital for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and the health of nerve cells​. It contributes to cell division, especially in bone marrow and nerve tissues, and assists in creating and regulating DNA. Its role in helping form red blood cells is crucial, as healthy cells enable better oxygen circulation in the body, keeping energy high. And, because B12 assists with maintaining the myelin sheath surrounding nerves, it plays a crucial role in brain health, memory, and mood stability​​. Why Vitamin B12 Deficiency Matters Despite B12’s significance, deficiencies are surprisingly common. Risk factors include limited intake of animal foods, poor absorption due to gastrointestinal issues, and the natural decrease in stomach acid production as we age, which reduces B12 absorption​. Early symptoms of B12 deficiency may include fatigue, weakness, numbness, or cognitive decline, but the impacts of prolonged deficiency can be far more serious. Cognitive Decline: Low B12 levels can lead to higher levels of homocysteine, an amino acid linked to cognitive decline. Studies suggest that elevated homocysteine can increase the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease, making B12 an essential player in brain health​. Mood and Energy: Vitamin B12 boosts serotonin, a hormone essential for mood balance. Those low in B12 might experience mood swings or even depressive symptoms. Additionally, without B12, cells struggle to produce energy, often leading to chronic fatigue​. Immune and Heart Health: B12 helps modulate the immune system and regulates homocysteine levels, which is crucial for heart health. Elevated homocysteine has been linked to cardiovascular disease, making B12 not only a brain but also a heart health ally​.  Who Should Consider Vitamin B12 Supplementation? Since our ability to absorb B12 decreases with age, supplementation can help fill the gap. Those following vegetarian or vegan diets, older adults, and anyone with digestive issues that may impair nutrient absorption can especially benefit from supplementation. Why Choose Arc-1’s B12 Injections? While B12 can be taken through food or oral supplements, injections ensure that your body absorbs the maximum amount possible without relying on the digestive system. Arc-1’s B12 injections are designed to provide a powerful dose directly into the bloodstream, helping boost energy, improve cognitive function, and support overall wellness. B12 is an essential vitamin that becomes even more critical as we age. Taking a proactive approach to your health can lead to greater vitality, energy, and mental clarity. Interested in discovering more about how B12 injections could fit into your longevity plan? Contact Arc-1 today to start your journey toward optimized health. FAQ: Vitamin B12 Injections What are the benefits of Vitamin B12 injections? Vitamin B12 injections support energy levels, promote brain function, and assist the body in producing red blood cells. B12 is also linked to a lower risk of age-related macular degeneration, making it essential for healthy aging. How does the body absorb Vitamin B12? Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin. However, to absorb Vitamin B12 effectively, the body needs a protein called intrinsic factor, produced in the stomach. Without sufficient intrinsic factor, as in conditions like pernicious anemia, it’s harder to maintain adequate levels of Vitamin B12. Who is at risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency? Vegans, vegetarians, and older adults are more likely to experience a Vitamin B12 deficiency due to dietary limitations or absorption issues. This deficiency can lead to fatigue, memory issues, and, if untreated, may result in neurological symptoms or anemia. Can Vitamin B12 injections help with weight loss? While B12 doesn’t directly cause weight loss, it can boost energy levels, which may support increased activity and metabolism when paired with a balanced diet and exercise. Enhanced energy and alertness are among the benefits of Vitamin B12 injections. Are there side effects of Vitamin B12 injections? Vitamin B12 shots are generally safe, but some may experience mild side effects like swelling at the injection site. Rarely, allergic reactions can occur, so it’s best to consult with an Arc-1 provider. Why might someone choose B12 shots over oral supplements? Injections bypass the digestive system, making it easier for those with absorption issues, such as low intrinsic factor, to achieve healthy levels of Vitamin B12. Injections are especially helpful for vegans, vegetarians, and those with pernicious anemia, where oral intake alone might not suffice. O'Leary, F., & Samman, S. (2010). Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients, 2(3), 299-316.
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